Some are easier to refer to by name, others by number, because they have multiple names.
Let's see if I can run this down...
CA 1 - Oxnard Freeway, PCH, Cabrillo Highway
CA 2 - [Hollywood], Glendale, Angeles Crest (Highway)
I-5 - Montgomery, San Diego (which splits off at I-405), Santa Ana (which splits off at US 101), Golden State (which splits off at CA 99), West Side..., Pacific Highway
I-10 - Santa Monica/Rosa Parks, Ramona/San Bernardino (which splits off at I-215?), Redlands
CA 14 - Antelope Valley, Midland Trail
CA/I-15 - Wabash, Escondido (which splits off at I-215), Corona (follows the CA 71 corridor), Ontario, Barstow
CA 18 - Rim of the World Dr
CA 22 - Garden Grove
I-40 - Needles
CA 55 - Costa Mesa
CA 57 - Orange
CA 60 - Pomona, Moreno Valley
CA 71 - Corona Expressway (corridor from I-15)
CA 73 - San Joaquin Hills, MacArthur
CA 90 - Marina, Imperial Highway
CA 91 - Redondo Beach, Artesia, Riverside (which splits off at I-215)
CA 99 - Golden State (from I-5)
US 101 - Santa Ana (from I-5), Hollywood (which splits off at CA 170), Ventura (from CA 134), El Camino Real, Redwood Highway (which splits off at US 199)
I-105 - Century/Anderson(?)
I-/CA 110 - Harbor, Pasadena/Arroyo Seco
CA 118 - Simi Valley/Ronald Reagan
CA 133 - Laguna
CA 134 - Ventura (which splits off at US 101)
I-/CA 210 - Foothill
I-215 - Escondido (from I-15), Moreno Valley (with CA 60), Riverside (from CA 91), San Bernardino (from I-10?, which splits at CA 259?), Barstow (which splits off at I-15)
CA 241 - Foothills Transportation Corridor
CA 269 - Eastern Transportation Corridor
I-405 - San Diego (from I-5)
I-605 - San Gabriel River
I-710 - Long Beach
I-805 - Jacob Dekema
I-905 - Otay Mesa
I don't know the San Diego freeway names outside the few already mentioned.
Portland:
I-5 - Pacific Highway, Baldock, Eastbank, Minnesota
OR 6 - Wilson River Hwy
OR 8 - Gales Creek Rd (county), Tualatin Valley Hwy, Canyon Rd (which merges onto US 26)
OR 10 - Farmington Rd, Beaverton-Hillsdale Hwy, Capitol Hwy, Barbur Blvd, Naito Pkwy/Front Ave
WA 14 - Lewis and Clark Frwy, Evergreen Hwy
OR 18 - Salmon River Hwy, Three Mile Ln
US 26 - Sunset Hwy, Canyon Rd (merges from OR 8), Mt Hood Hwy (which splits at OR 35)
US 30 - Lower Columbia River Hwy, St Helens Rd, Yeon Ave, {Stadium Frwy, Eastbank Frwy, Banfield Expressway}, Historic Columbia River Hwy, {Columbia River Hwy, Old Oregon Trail}
US 30 Byp - Portland Hwy (Lombard St, Killingsworth St, Sandy Blvd)
OR 35 - Mt Hood Hwy (from US 26)
OR 43 - Pacific Hwy (Willamette Dr, State St, Macadam Ave)
OR 58 - Willamette Hwy (I think this one's actually signed...)
I-84 - Banfield Expressway, Columbia River Hwy (which splits off at US 730), Old Oregon Trail
OR 99 - Rogue Valley Hwy, Pacific Hwy, various others
OR 99W - Pacific Hwy West/Herbert Hoover Hwy, Barbur Blvd, Front Ave, Interstate Ave (former)
OR 99E - Tangent Hwy, Pacific Hwy East, McGloughlin Blvd, MLK Jr Blvd/Grand Ave
OR 210 - Scholls Ferry Rd
OR 211 - Woodburn-Estacada Hwy, Eagle Creek Hwy
OR 212 - Clackamas Hwy
OR 213 - Silverton Rd, Cascade Hwy, Trail's End Hwy, East Portland Frwy, 82nd Ave
OR 214 - Silver Creek Falls Hwy
OR 224 - Milwaukie Expressway, Clackamas Hwy