My source for the 400-series numbering convention is (ultimately, I think) the AARoads High Priority Corridor page dealing with US 400/future I-66. It is certainly not anything I have seen in official AASHTO documentation, but that doesn't necessarily mean anything since so little of it is put online where it can be viewed free of charge. I think it is a reasonable inference on the basis not just of US 400, but also US 412 being in the wrong half of the country for a fourth branch of US 12.
Don't take that seriously, it's not meant to be. We've been saying that 12.5 thing for years on these roadgeek sites. Anyway, that isn't the way it works. AASHTO doesn't assign numbers for US Routes; states request them. In the past, we've had roadgeeks communicate with state DOT's asking why they wanted both 400 and 425 for those routes, and both were answered "no real reason." If the Route Numbering committee had minutes online going that far back, maybe we could find out more on why those particular numbers were selected.
I found this from January 30, 1980:
http://www.arkansashighways.com/minute_orders/MO80-89.pdf (page 6):
WHEREAS, the various Chambers of Commerce in Arkansas, Missouri, and Tennessee
have requested the redesignation of State Highways from Walnut Ridge, Arkansas, via Kennett
and Hayti, Missouri, thence north and easterly via Dyersburg to Jackson, Tennessee, as U. S.
Number Route 412; and
WHEREAS, the States of Arkansas, Missouri, and Tennessee concur on the merit and
continuity of the route, and
WHEREAS, the route is functionally classified as a Minor Arterial and is on the Federal-
Aid Primary System;
NOW THEREFORE, the Director is authorized to proceed with the change of Route and
Section numbers on State Highway 25 between Walnut Ridge and Missouri State Line, as shown
on attached sketch, subject to the approval of the United States Route Number Committee of the
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
Maybe we can blame the chambers of commerce in the towns along the highway?