I grew up at the end of the so-called Malaise era of automotive technology. The big advancements, as far as I'm concerned:
- Electronic fuel injection - This was the innovation that finally allowed vehicles to escape the drivability horrors of the late-70s and early 80s, when automakers tried (largely in vain) to get carburetors to pass emissions regulations. Fuel-injection was available in limited degrees prior to computer-control, but it was hard to tune and even harder to keep it that way. Once fuel injection was smart enough to manage air-fuel ratios with electronics, cars took a gigantic leap forward in drivability and power while simultaneously running cleaner. It is also the major item (in direct-injection form) allowing automakers to build powerful small-displacement (but high-efficiency) turbo engines and offset ever-increasing vehicle weight.
- Electronic ignition/coil-on-plug ignition - It did for spark what electronic fuel injection did for fuel.
- Radial tires - This was a great leap forward in all-around grip, durability, and improving overall safety.
- Anti-Lock Brakes - You can't steer if you're skidding! As the systems evolved into stability control systems, countless lives have been saved through cars handling in a more safe and predictable manner in all conditions.
- Lithium-ion batteries - This is the major development that has made vehicle electrification a viable path forward. Without sufficiently power-dense batteries, electric vehicles have previously been little more than sideshows. As battery tech continues to improve, automakers are finding battery-electric vehicles a more viable technology (even with current limitations) than continuing to evolve gasoline internal combustion engines.