Yeah so there's a long and tortured history here. But the gist of it is:
- back in the mid-20th century, there was a proposal for an outer beltway of Washington, DC. None of it was ever built, and the plan was cancelled, however most of the right-of-way between I-270 and I-95 was acquired. Josiah Henson Parkway occupies part of this ROW now in North Bethesda, the rest which wasn't later used for MD 200 is now a park.
- In the 1970s, a fresh but scaled back proposal surfaced for an "Intercounty Connector" that would have run only between I-270 and I-95, which partially used the planned route for the outer beltway but had the western half routed north to head to Gaithersburg instead of North Bethesda. Some of the altered ROW was acquired for this, too, but once again nothing was built and the plan was canceled.
- In the 1980s, plans were floated to build a short road connecting the proposed Shady Grove metro station directly to I-270 which would mostly use unused ROW from the Intercounty Connector. This was actually built, and it opened in 1988. Note that the I-370 designation originally ran to the Metro station.
- Later, in the 2000s, the Intercounty Connector proposal was resurrected... and this time it actually got built. It opened in two sections between I-370 and I-95 in 2011. The final section between I-95 and US 1 came a few years later. When MD 200 was tied in to I-370, the I-370 designation was truncated and the former end of it leading to the Metro station was reduced to ramps.
As for why MD 200 isn't all just I-370... well, there's no reason for it to be. Wouldn't have made any additional funding available to build it. If there were to be any sort of designation simplification, it'd make the most sense frankly to just sign the whole thing as MD 200 and relegate I-370 to being an unsigned interstate (wouldn't be the only one).