They didn't have anywhere else they needed to go.
I think some of us can agree that I-76 (e) could use an extension westward and/or eastward. I-79 has nowhere to go unless its routed along Corridor L to I-75 (which will never happen), I-71 has been discussed on this forum to overtake the WK Parkway to I-69 (or I-24), and I-78, along with everything not stated above, is short because it has nowhere else to go without pipe dream extensions.
The only interstates that were designed for long distances are the x5s, x0s, I-64 (defacto I-50/60), I-94 (effectively a second I-90), I-84w (no x0s in grid), I-77 (no x5s in the grid), and congressional/coalition designated corridors like I-69, I-29/49, I-57 and I-14 (which doesn't nearly fully exist yet). Other than that, most other interstates are short city connectors that don't need to go very far, and if they went further they'd be in the middle of nowhere or redundant to another interstate highway. Many routes are restricted by geography, particularly in the northeast. The extra distance isn't needed and often the interstate has nowhere to go.