In the KC metro, where I live, the villages of Oaks, Oakwood, Oakwood Park, and Oakview are next to one another along North Oak Trafficway. Meanwhile, on the Kansas side, Roeland Park is centered on Roe Boulevard, and Lee Boulevard runs through Leawood.
Across Missouri, in the St. Louis area, there's Olivette along Olive Boulevard, Bellefontaine Neighbors along Bellefontaine Road, Lemay along Lemay Ferry Road, Brentwood along Brentwood Boulevard, Hanley Hills along Hanley Road, Pagedale along Page Avenue, Woodson Terrace along Woodson Road, and Jennings along Jennings Station Road. There's also Charlack, which combines syllables in St. Charles Rock Road and Lackland Road, which meet there.
In addition, Clayton Road, Manchester Road, Rock Hill Road, Sappington Road, Kirkwood Road, and Ladue Road all run through the suburbs of the same names, but I believe in those situations, the road was named for the town, not the other way around.
Throughout the country, in various metro areas, where else have you seen suburbs that are - or at least appear to be - named for roads that run through them?
There was a community called "Highway City" along US 99. Fresno ended up annexing it but the location still is easy to find on a Google Map search.
Federal Way, WA was named for US 99, or in other words a "federal highway" (not my words, but that of the city's). The name originates from a school district formed in 1929.
Northlake IL is named after the intersection of North Avenue and Lake St. i.e. IL 64 and US 20.
Frisco, TX was named for the St. Louis and San Francisco (Rail) Road that ran through it. Does that count?
Northern Virginia has a couple of examples of CDPs named for features created BY roads but the CDPs themselves are named for the people who owned the land, not the roads themselves.
Bailey's Crossroads and Tyson's Corner.
Three Way, outside Jackson, TN, is named for the split of US Highway 45 that occurs there. It might be considered too small to be a suburb.
Boulevard, CA is a border town between San Diego and the Imperial Valley. It is named after former US 80. It is not a suburb, however.
Corona, CA is adjacent to Riverside and would be considered a suburb of Riverside and an exurb of the LA/Orange County metro area. It was named after the shape of the circular road that encircled the area. But the road itself is called Grand Avenue.
Speaking of Grand, Sun City Grand is the name of a large retirement community in Surprise, AZ located along Grand Avenue (US 60). Unlike neighboring retirement developments Sun City and Sun City West, which are both unincorporated communities in Maricopa County, Sun City Grand is within Surprise's city limits. Surprise is a suburb of Phoenix.
Here are ones that I think more closely fit OP's description:
Tamiami, FL is a suburb of Miami located on and named for the Tamiami Trail (US 41), the original road linking Tampa and Miami.
Meridian Hills is a suburb of Indianapolis that was its own town for about 50 years, but was annexed into the city in 1970. It is located on and named for Indianapolis's Meridian Street.
Holiday, FL is a suburb of Clearwater that is named after Holiday Drive, which preceded the town's existence as one of many streets in an unincorporated, unnamed subdivision.
Paramount, CA is a suburb of Los Angeles that was created in 1947 from two other unincorporated communities of different names by giving the newly-combined town the name of the main road running through them, Paramount Blvd.