regardless of weather, US 1 never works well as a bailout route when I-95 is completely closed in one or both directions.
VA 2 between Richmond and Fredericksburg, however, is almost always terrific.
Once you are north of Fredericksburg there aren't many options, even with secondary routes, due to Quantico MCB's large footprint west of I-95. A couple do exist that will take you to I-66 in the Manassas area but with I-66 under heavy construction this can result in getting stuck there instead. There is also one that can get you from Triangle/Dumfries to the Braddock Rd interchange at I-495 but the northern half of this is usually pretty crowded.