The Wilson Bridge has some extra-wide shoulders that can be converted to carry light/heavy rail, and presumably the design of the bridge had to be altered in some way in order to accommodate for hypothetical trains crossing the bridge.
The center reservation of the Dulles Airport Access Road sat empty for decades, built with an eye towards heavy rail of some kind.
The Congress Branch of the CTA Blue Line was built with an easement wide enough to accommodate 3 tracks and, in some places, 4 tracks, because they thought the Chicago Aurora and Elgin would also use this branch (they ended up ceasing service in the middle of a workday before the line was completed). In fact, there are two unused tunnel stubs just east of the UIC-Halsted stop, and they're noticeably smaller than the two tunnels the CTA uses.