The final scenario for the lab of GIS Applications Module 6 is to determine a potential protected corridor linking two areas of black bear habitat in Arizona’s Coronado National Forest. Data provided included the extent of the two existing areas of known black bear habitat, a DEM, a raster of land cover and a feature class of roads in the study area. Parameters required for a protected corridor facilitating the safe transit of black bear included land use away from population and preferably with vegetation, mid level elevations and distances far from roadways.

Geoprocessing flow chart for Scenario 4

Geoprocessing flow chart for Scenario 4

The initial geoprocessing in our Corridor Suitability Analysis reclassifies the DEM and landcover rasters into suitability rasters using predetermined scales. The development of a suitability raster for the roads feature class commenced with creating a multi-ring buffer feature class, and then converting the derived polygons into a suitability raster using the Reclassify tool.
 
Reviewing the previous scenarios on outputting buffers from a polyline, I also ran the Euclidean Distance tool on the roads feature class. The succeeding output raster was then Reclassified using the distance suitability values that rank higher proximities with lower values. The results mirrored those using the Multi-Ring Buffer tool:
Suitability Raster for proximity to roads using the Euclidean Distance tool

The suitability raster for the distance to roads derived from the raster output from the Euclidean Distance tool.

With suitability raster files finalized for elevation, landcover and proximity to roads, we can proceed with the analysis using the Weighted Overlay tool. The objective is to generate a cost raster using the integer scale of 1 through 10, based upon the influence percentages of 60% for land cover, 20% for elevation and 20% for distance to roads.
 
The result shows the highest suitability score for mid level elevations representative of undeveloped forest land that mostly avoids roads. Low level elevations represented by urban areas, agriculture and barren land factor into low suitability areas:
Weighted Overlay raster of Suitability areas

Weighted Overlay raster with the values of 1-10 where lighter colors represent lower suitability scores

Utilizing the Weighted Overlay raster, a cost surface raster is generated by using the Raster Calculator geoprocessing tool. The cost surface values were obtained by inverting the suitability model so that higher habitat suitability values translated into lower travel costs:

Cost Surface Raster

Cost Surface Raster Cost Surface raster where the darker colors represent higher costs

With the Cost Surface raster, the Corridor Suitability Analysis continues with the Cost Distance tool run on the two Coronado National Forest black bear habitat area feature classes. This outputs Cost Distance and Cost Distance Backlink Rasters.

Coronado N.F. Destination Raster - 1st feature class

The cost distance raster for the northeastern unit of Coronado N.F.

Coronado N.F. Destination Raster - 2nd feature class

Coronado N.F. Destination Raster - 2nd feature class The cost distance raster for the southwestern unit of Coronado N.F.

Together the two cost distance rasters for Coronado National Forest are the parameters for the Corridor geoprocessing tool, which generates the Least-Path Corridor raster. The threshold value for determining the best corridors was subjective, so I went with percentages used in the previous scenario, where the minimum destination cost value multiplied by 1.05 represented the optimal corridor. Chose a color scheme based upon the ColorBrewer web site.

Black Bear Suitability Corridor Analysis

The Least-Path Corridor for a protected Black Bear Corridor between Coronado National Forest units